Social promotion is the 'passing' a student onto the next grade based on age considerations, not academic prowess. 1. Beyond Social Promotion and Retention - Five Strategies to Help Students Succeed - A review of current literature and practice suggests five promising alternatives to the practices of social retention and promotion. 2. Harvard Education Letter - Retention vs. Social Promotion: Schools Search for Alternatives - Describes the conflict between passing or retaining students who are failing their coursework. Offers citations for further research. 3. National Association of School Psychologists Position Statement - Grade Retention and Social Promotion - Research-based statement, with citations. "Given the frequent use of the ineffective practice of grade retention, NASP urges schools and parents to seek alternatives to retention that more effectively address the specific instructional needs of academic underachievers." 4. Social Promotion vs Mastery Learning - Bellevue International School co-founder Bruce Saari describes mastery learning and social promotion at Bellevue International, Lake Washington International, and Marysville Arts and Technology High School. 5. St. Petersburg Times Online: Board wants to end social promotion - Reports on the Florida state education board's proposal to end all social promotion statewide. 6. Taking Responsibility for Ending Social Promotion: A Guide for Educators and State and Local Leaders - Discusses the practice of social promotion. 7. The Balanced View: Social Promotion & Retention - A report prepared by Westchester Institute For Human Services Research. Provides an overview of pros and cons and statistics related to retention of students. 8. The San Diego Union-Tribune - California should end social promotion - Editorial.

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