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Prototype-based

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Prototype-based languages are classless object-oriented languages, OO without classes. Instances of objects are made by cloning other instances. Usually, these languages have only one data structure, the associative array. Such languages are very flexible during runtime, and far simpler than class-based languages. The original one was Self.


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1. Agora - OO prototype-based, reflective language, based on only message passing, a key trait of OO languages; it allows late-binding polymorphism, the key trait making possible incremental modifying of programs. Descriptions, papers, implementations: Smalltalk, C++, Java, Scheme; MiniMix.
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2. Brain - High-level, pure object-oriented, prototype-based, scripting language; Smalltalk-like syntax; some features borrowed from Scheme, Self, JavaScript. [Open Source, LGPL]
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3. Mica - Was Poe: prototype inheritance language and OO virtual machine for building network-accessible programs for multiple programmers, users, agents. Persistence and garbage collection are automatic and transparent. [Open Source, GPL]
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4. NewtonScript Papers - Papers about and related to NewtonScript, the prototype-based language for Newton PDA.
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5. Object-based PLs - By Rainer Blome. Alphabetized list with descriptions of, and links to, many prototype-based languages.
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6. OScheme - Small, embeddable interpreter, mostly Scheme R4RS conformant, with extensions: supports prototype-based object model, some POSIX system calls, compilable in secure mode.
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7. Prototype-based Languages - Text table compares about 20 languages, with links: Agora, Amulet, Cecil/Vortex, Cel, Garnet, GlyphicScript, Io, JavaScript, Kevo, Lua, Merlin, Moostrap, NewtonScript, Obliq, Omega, OScheme, Poe, Self, SK8.
8. Isaac Project NEW! - Small prototype-based high-level language, influences: Smalltalk (all values are objects), Self (prototypes), Eiffel (Design by Contract); allows system, low-level programming, compiler has means for late binding suppression, optimizing type predictions and code specialization, gives target code high efficiency.
9. MLud - A runtime-extensible language built on top of SML/NJ designed for building collaborative environments. Supports dynamic delegation with multiple dispatch, several useful datatypes, inline ML, and checkpoint persistence.
10. Prototype-based Programming - Growing article, with links to many related topics. [NodeWorks Encyclopedia]
11. Slate - Language-OS based on CLOS, Self, Smalltalk; Smalltalk syntax; libraries inspired by Common Lisp, Dylan, Strongtalk (strong typing). Descriptions, programming manual, tutorials, summaries, bulletin board Swiki, CVS. [Open Source, LGPL]
12. The Slate Programming Language - Brief description with many forum comments. [Slashdot]

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